| St Alphage London Wall | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
|---|---|
| Denomination | Roman Catholic, Anglican |
St Alphage London Wall,[1] so called because it sat right on London Wall, the City of London boundary,[2] was a church in Bassishaw Ward in the City of London. It is sometimes referred to as St Alphege, using an alternative spelling of the Saint's name, or as St Alphage Cripplegate, because of its proximity to Cripplegate.
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The parish of St Alphage used two churches successively, moving from its original building to a former priory church nearby after the dissolution of the monasteries.[3]
The first church was built adjoining the London Wall,[4] with the wall forming its northern side.[5] The churchyard lay to the north of the wall.[6] The earliest mention of this church dates to c. 1108-25, though it is said that it was established before 1068.[7] The church was closed by Act of Parliament at the end of the sixteenth century and demolished.[8] The London Wall was left standing. The site of the church became a carpenter's yard. In 1837 it was laid out as a public garden, which remains today, with a preserved section of the London Wall on its north edge. After the realignment of the road London Wall, that section formerly running past the site of this church was renamed St Alphage Gardens.
The churchyard to the north of the London Wall was still open in 1677, but was subsequently built over.[9] The last building on the site, using the London wall as its southern boundary, was destroyed by bombing in the Second World War.[10] This exposed the Roman city wall that the medieval wall had been built on. When a new Salters' Hall was built on the site (opened in 1976),[11] the area north of the London Wall was made into a garden for the Hall.
The second church began as the Priory Church the (probably Benedictine) nunnery of St Mary-within-Cripplegate.[12] This was probably founded before 1000, but by 1329 the community had fallen into decay. The land passed into the hands of William Elsing, who founded a hospital on the site, Elsing Spital, in 1331. Originally a secular establishment, it was taken over by Augustinian priors and monks in 1340.[13] The hospital closed in 1536, with the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
After the closure of the original Church of St Alphage, the Priory Church became the new Parish Church. The rest of the Spital site was sold to Sir John Williams, who built a private house in its grounds, which was destroyed by fired in 1541.[14] The property was subsequently sold on, and used for the foundation of Sion College in 1630. The church was repaired in 1624, and the upper part of the steeple rebuilt in 1649. It was damaged but not destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.[15]
Further repairs were made in 1684, and 1701. In 1711 the parishioners applied to the commissioners for building fifty new churches for funds to enlarge the building, and in 1718 petitioned parliament for funds, neither initiative proving successful. By 1747, the steeple was in such a state that the bells could not be rung, and four of the six were sold.[16]
In 1774 the church was found to be unfit for use, and a committee was set up to arrange its rebuilding. This was done a cost of £1350, retaining the tower. The new church was opened on 24 July 1777.[3]
The rebuilt church had two fronts, an eastern one in Aldermanbury, and one to the north facing London Wall. George Godwin described them as “both equally remarkable for want of taste in the arrangement, and of beauty in the effect”. The east front had a Venetian window between two pilasters, elevated on a basement; this arrangement was flanked by two doorways. The door and window surrounds and pilasters were stone, the rest brick. The façade to London Wall had two Doric columns, flattened against the wall, supporting an entablature and pediment. Between the columns was a doorway, its lobby leading into the medieval tower. The interior of the body of the church was described by Godwin as “merely a plain room with a flat ceiling, crossed from north to south by one large band at the east end”.[3] The pulpit was, unconventionally, placed against the west wall, so that the congregation faced away from altar.[16]
By 1900, the tower and porch were again in a poor state,[17] and the north entrance was rebuilt with a neo-Gothic facade in 1913.[18]
The church was damaged in an air raid in the First World War. In 1917 the Parish was amalgamated with that of St Mary Aldermanbury.[19] The church was rebuilt in 1919, but was scheduled for demolition in the same year.[20] The bells went to St Peter’s Acton.[21] The nave was demolished in 1923, leaving the tower and the porch. Until the Second World War, the tower was maintained with an altar and chairs as a place for prayer.[18]
The tower was gutted by fire in 1940. In 1958, the City of London began to redevelop the badly-bombed area as part of the new Barbican complex. In the course of the development, the early twentieth-century north porch and the upper levels of the tower were removed.[18]
The remains of the church were designated a Grade II listed structure on 4 January 1950. The surviving remnants of these consist of the ruin of a central tower, built of flint and rubble masonry, with arches on three sides; the south wall is missing.[22]
For illustrations of the church in its various phases, see [2]
In 1954 the amalgamated parish was united with St Giles-without-Cripplegate.[23]